It is an adaptation of Jerzy Kosiński's novel of the same name. 06/09/2019 The Painted Bird was published and marketed as a fictional work although it was generally assumed that it was based on the author's experiences during World War II. '"[4] Finkelstein wrote that Kosiński's book "depicts the Polish peasants he lived with as virulently anti-Semitic" even though they were fully aware of his Jewishness and "the dire consequences they themselves faced if caught. After the priest dies, Garbos starts torturing the boy by hanging him from the ceiling above Judas, and the boy begins praying more. Weinberger alleged in his 2000 collection Karmic Traces that Kosiński had very little fluent knowledge of English at the time of its writing.[9]. The Village Voice article presented a different picture of Kosiński's life during the Holocaust – a view which was later supported by Joanna Siedlecka,[19] a Polish biographer, and Sloan. With Petr Kotlár, Nina Sunevic, Alla Sokolova, Stanislav Bilyi. Afterwards the boy is taken to an orphanage in his old home city, where he denounces the principal and two nurses to the Soviets after they punish him for refusing to remove his military uniform. Deciding that both they and the Germans became invincible by allying with demons, the boy flees into the forest again. 7 of 7 people found this review helpful. "[7], The book's reception in Poland was far from uniform. However, he is caught by the villagers again and thrown onto a large catfish's air bladder, which floats him down the river away from the village. A battle that he doesn't even realize, a fight with himself, a fight for his soul, for his future. Malowany Ptak = The Painted Bird, Jerzy Kosiński The Painted Bird is a 1965 novel, by Jerzy Kosiński, which describes: World War II, as seen by a boy, considered a "Gypsy or Jewish stray," wandering about small villages scattered around an unspecified country in Eastern Europe. The boy escapes and flees into forest by stowing away on a train, finding an abandoned pillbox infested with rabid rats. as a consummate literary hoaxer, Wiesel continued to heap encomiums on his 'remarkable body of work. Was this review helpful to you? How long was the longest movie you've watched at the movie theater. The Painted Bird is told in the first-person from the point of view of an unnamed boy of unknown ethnicity. A pair of teenage girls in rural Pennsylvania travel to New York City to seek out medical help after an unintended pregnancy. In a sleepy provincial town, a Jehovah's Witness community is attacked by an extremist group. He stressed that since the book is surreal – a fictional tale – and does not present, or claim to present – real world events, accusations of anti-Polish sentiment are nothing but a misunderstanding of the book by those who take it too literally. However, the boy frequently misbehaves, breaking the arm of his four-year-old brother. After he becomes infected with a local epidemic she buries him to his head in soil and he is attacked by birds, but he recovers. The Painted Bird opens with Joska running through the forest clutching a white ferret. 1945, Leningrad. With ABOUT ENDLESSNESS, Roy Andersson adds to his cinematic oeuvre with a reflection on human life in all its beauty and cruelty, its splendour and banality. Then he released the bird to fly in search of a flock of its kin, but when the painted bird came upon the flock, they saw it as an intruder and viciously attacked the bird until it fell from the sky. The boy runs away again and seeks shelter with Lekh, a professional bird catcher in love with Stupid Ludmila, a promiscuous and scantily-clad woman who lives in the woods alone with a large dog after suffering a mental breakdown from a gang rape. The Painted Bird Daniel experiences a spiritual transformation in a detention center. Get our `newsletter` The Painted Bird - Ebook written by Jerzy Kosinski. The Painted Bird in Suttons Bay, MI An American craft gallery showing the work of local, Michigan and all American craftsmen since 1987 in the Theater District of Suttons Bay See more at SQUARE.SITE As a result of his black hair and olive skin he is constantly accused of being either a Jew or a Gypsy, although Kosiński's narrator denies this. Soon the two collaborate on a successful business. Only later did it become clear to most reviewers that Kosiński was neither the boy in the story nor did he share any of the boy's experiences, as revealed in a series of articles in newspapers and books. The boy, while in the company of a professional bird catcher, observes how the man took one of his captured birds and painted it several colors. "There was a hollow space at the center of Kosiński that had resulted from denying his past," Sloan writes, "and his whole life had become a race to fill in that hollow space before it caused him to implode, collapsing inward upon himself like a burnt-out star." In an unidentified area of war-torn Eastern Europe, a young boy is sent by his parents to live in safety with his aunt. The Painted Bird is, in the end, the kind of slog that treats shopworn insights about the brutality of man as justification for drowning us in the evidence—like, for example, an early scene of Udo Kier, in the most disturbing of the cameos, carving out a man’s eyeballs with a spoon. The villagers approve of this turn of events, seeing it as retribution for the crucifixion of Jesus. The Painted Bird enriches our literature and our lives.”—Jonathan Yardley, The Miami Herald [3] According to Norman Finkelstein, Cynthia Ozick said "that she 'immediately' recognized Kosiński's authenticity as 'a Jewish survivor and witness to the Holocaust. Left to fend for himself, he wanders alone from village to village seeking shelter and food from adults in exchange for work. ", "The Role of Polish Language and Literature", "Plagiarism? Kosiński famously liked to pretend he was someone he wasn't (as do many of the characters in his books), he occasionally published under a pseudonym, and, apparently, he plagiarized and forged left and right. Terence Blacker, an English publisher of Kosiński's books and an author of children's books and mysteries for adults, wrote in response to the article's accusations in 2002: The significant point about Jerzy Kosinski was that ... his books ... had a vision and a voice consistent with one another and with the man himself. The story was originally described by Kosiński as autobiographical, but upon its publication by Houghton Mifflin he announced that it was a purely fictional account. He seemed to have had an adventurous and rather kinky sexuality which, to many, made him all the more suspect.[20]. He roams alone in a wild and hostile world in which only local rules, prejudices and superstitions apply. They are found by the villagers and she is raped by all of the local men and beaten to death by their jealous wives. [16][17] Kosiński nonetheless continued to assert that characterizing the novel as autobiographical "may be convenient for classification but is not easily justified" (the same language he used in his author's note and his pre-publication correspondence with de Santillana) in later interviews during his life.[18]. The story was originally described by Kosiński as autobiographical, but upon its publication by Houghton Mifflin he announced that it was a purely fictional account. The young boy's parents are hiding from the Germans, and he lives … Regardless, Reavey's assertions were ignored by the press. The Painted Bird is a Czech-Ukrainian-Slovakian production staged by Silver Screen (Václav Marhoul), Czech Television, Certicon, Radio and Television Slovakia, PubRes and Directory Films. Let's just call it postmodernism", "Stellan Skarsgard to Star in Holocaust Drama 'The Painted Bird, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Painted_Bird&oldid=1016571192, Borderline personality disorder in fiction, Novels involved in plagiarism controversies, Articles needing additional references from April 2021, All articles needing additional references, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 April 2021, at 21:45. [21], The novel inspired the band Siouxsie and the Banshees who wrote a song called "Painted Bird" in 1982, on their album A Kiss in the Dreamhouse. "[12], In 2012 Polish literary historian Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska [pl] from Lublin University wrote that The Painted Bird includes long excerpts lifted verbatim from a book published in the Second Polish Republic by the Polish-Jewish ethnographer Henryk Biegeleisen.[14]. M. A. Orthofer addressed Weinberger's assertion by stating: Kosiński was, in many respects, a fake – possibly near as genuine a one as Weinberger could want. (2)[15] The depicted events are now widely known to be fictional. (2019). Never once throughout the almost three hour run time was I bored. Reviewing James Park Sloan's biography of Kosiński for The New York Times Book Review, Louis Begley wrote: "Perhaps the most surprising element of this aspect of Kosiński's mystifications is that he obtained from his mother, who was still alive in Poland – the father had died by the time The Painted Bird was published – a letter corroborating the claim that he had been separated from his family during the war. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read The Painted Bird. After several soldiers are killed by local peasants with axes, the boy accompanies the respected crack sniper Mitka the Cuckoo as he takes revenge by shooting several of the peasants. The Painted Bird is the third feature film for Václav Marhoul (1960, Praha) as the scriptwriter, producer and director. When they reach the pillbox, the boy accidentally pushes the carpenter into the pillbox to be eaten alive by the rats. Although he survives, he becomes mute. The problem was perhaps that he was a successful, worldly author who played polo, moved in fashionable circles and even appeared as an actor in Warren Beatty's Reds. The article revealed that The Painted Bird, assumed by reviewers to be semi-autobiographical, was a work of fiction. "[3] And Jonathan Yardley, reviewing it for The Miami Herald, wrote: "Of all the remarkable fiction that emerged from World War II, nothing stands higher than Jerzy Kosiński's The Painted Bird. Although his criminal record prevents him from applying to the seminary, he has no intention of giving up his dream and decides to minister a small-town parish. It is the first film to feature the Interslavic language; Marhoul stated that he decided to use Interslavic so that no Slavic nation would nationally identify with the story. Search for "The Painted Bird" on Amazon.com, Title: After hearing the priest explain prayer and indulgences, the boy asks him to teach him how to pray so that he can accrue enough indulgences to save himself. [2] Richard Kluger, reviewing it for Harper's Magazine, wrote: "Extraordinary ... literally staggering ... one of the most powerful books I have ever read. And it's a tough watch, not due to the … D. G. Myers responded to Blacker's assertions that much of Kosinski's behaviour was the result of "compensating for 'the hollowness at the core of his being'" in his review of Jerzy Kosiński: A Biography by James Park Sloan: This theory explains much: the reckless driving, the abuse of small dogs, the thirst for fame, the fabrication of personal experience, the secretiveness about how he wrote, the denial of his Jewish identity. The boy leaves as Lekh inconsolably cradles her body. Adapted from the harrowing book of the same name, Vaclav Marhoul delivers a faithful adaptation without any hesitation in translating the many woefully disturbing moments from the book to the screen. One day, a young widow named Rainbow captures an injured Jewish girl who managed to escape from the train. At first, the controversy centered on the content, an unrelenting story of the sufferings of a young boy wandering the blasted landscape of World-War-II-riven Central Europe. [1] He also has trouble understanding the local languages and dialects of the peasants he encounters. However, the boy accidentally returns to the old village and the carpenter, blaming him after his barn was hit by lightning and burnt down, captures him and prepares to drown him before the boy pleads to spare his life in exchange for showing him the pillbox, which he lies is filled with military supplies. Wiki, This is like a gift giver that just keeps on giving. A magnificent work of art, and a celebration of the individual will. “The Painted Bird” falls deeply in the shadow of the 1985 Soviet classic “Come and See,” another boy’s-eye chronicle of the war’s terrors. [11], The journalist John Corry, also a controversial author,[12] wrote a 6,000-word feature article in The New York Times trying to defend Kosiński, which appeared on the front page of the "Arts and Leisure" section in November 1982. WWII has devastated the city, demolishing its buildings and leaving its citizens in tatters, physically and mentally. “Of all the remarkable fiction that emerged from World War II, nothing stands higher than Jerzy Kosinski’s The Painted Bird. 1930's Hollywood is reevaluated through the eyes of scathing social critic and alcoholic screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz as he races to finish the screenplay of Citizen Kane (1941). The New York poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written The Painted Bird. His previous film, Mazaný Filip (Smart Philip, 2003) and in particular Tobruk (2008) received numerous Czech and international awards including “Český lev” (Czech Lion). Milla, a seriously ill teenager, falls in love with a drug dealer, Moses, her parents' worst nightmare. Interview: Václav Marhoul • Director of The Painted Bird “During these 11 years, I’ve had the best producer in the world: Václav Marhoul” VENICE 2019: We chatted to Czech director Václav Marhoul about his gutsy and divisive competition entry, The Painted Bird . He is captured by German soldiers and taken to a larger town where he is harassed by a mob before an SS officer hands him over to a Catholic parish priest. '"[4] Time magazine included the novel in its "Time 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005",[5] accentuating the alleged atrocities perceived by the protagonist. Follows a pious nurse who becomes dangerously obsessed with saving the soul of her dying patient. No one who reads it will forget it; no one who reads it will be unmoved by it. The Painted Bird enriches our literature and our lives". The priest treats the boy kindly, but the farmer Garbos and his dog Judas constantly beat and abuse him. [8], According to Eliot Weinberger, contemporary American writer, essayist, editor, and translator, Kosiński was not the author of the book. He escapes and travels to another village next to a German military railway, where the villagers discover Jews and Gypsies being deported to a nearby concentration camp. After beating his wife for her alleged infidelity one night, he invites the plowboy over for dinner and gouges out his eyes. A Fabulous Udo Kier Gets the Role of His Lifetime in the Bittersweet Comedy ‘Swan Song’, ‘Nomadland’ Triumphs at Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards (Exclusive), Showbiz History: Three celebrity weddings and a biopic suggestion, Everything Coming to Hulu in October 2020, July Picks: The Movies and TV Shows You Can't Miss. After German patrols intensify, the boy is forced to leave the village to avoid giving away the location of a Jewish person in hiding. Written with deep sincerity and sensitivity," a review written in The New York Times Book Review and quoted by the book's publisher. Eventually, at age 12, the boy is finally reunited with his parents after they identify him via a birthmark. MORE cinema-goers flee horrific Holocaust movie The Painted Bird that shows brutal scenes of incest, bestiality, child rape and mutilation. A few weeks later, the boy finds Makar, Ewka, and her older brother Anton having sex with each other and a goat in the field. A skilled cook has traveled west and joined a group of fur trappers in Oregon, though he only finds true connection with a Chinese immigrant also seeking his fortune. When the boy grows sickly, the family moves westward into the mountains on a doctor's advice and the boy is sent to live with a ski instructor. Use the HTML below. But she dies unexpectedly, so he sets off on a journey to return home. were the product of a Polish Communist disinformation campaign. See the release date and trailer. While skating on a marsh the boy is accosted by several young villagers, who try to drown him after accidentally wounds several of them with his skates. A magnificent work of art, and a celebration of the individual will. (Being There, for example, bears a strong resemblance to Kariera Nikodema Dyzmy – The Career of Nicodemus Dyzma, a 1932 Polish bestseller by Tadeusz Dołęga-Mostowicz). The Painted Bird (Czech: Nabarvené ptáče) is a 2019 internationally co-produced black-and-white war drama film written, directed and produced by Václav Marhoul. Two hours and change later, you might envy that man. Jerzy Kosinski’s 1965 novel The Painted Bird was controversial in many respects. After the boy is unable to kill a rabbit, Makar beats and temporarily paralyzes him. Start your 48-hour free trial to unlock this The Painted Bird study guide. The Painted Bird Studio: IFC Films Directed by Vàclav Marhoul Jul 16, 2020 By Jeremy Arblaster Web Exclusive. Share This Story. Set in the Libyan Desert in WW2 a battalion of Czech soldiers face the siege of Tobruk. The book's title was drawn from an incident in the story. In an instant, the innocence the white fur represents is engulfed in flames and burned beyond recognition. The Painted Bird - Official Trailer I HD I IFC Films - YouTube ", Among those who were fascinated was Dorothy de Santillana, a senior editor at Houghton Mifflin, to whom Kosiński confided that he had a manuscript based on his experiences. The blacksmith and his family are beaten and killed by nationalist partisans, who decide to turn him over to a German outpost as a goodwill gesture. His luck is horrible and he is subjected to a series of abuses and abusers.Stay with him, the Painted Bird pays off and will linger in your mind long after you've seen it.9/10. Search for screenings / showtimes and book tickets for The Painted Bird. The boy wonders why God would allow the Soviets to win the war if they intended to abolish religion and private property. He next is taken in by a miller and his wife, who frequently exposes herself to a young plowboy. [22], Controversy over supposed autobiographical elements, Eliot Weinberger, "Genuine Fakes" from his collection, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, "17 years of ideological attack on a cultural target. However, they lose contact with him because of the chaos of the war and he is left stranded. Like all wars, there is no mental preparation. "[15] According to James Park Sloan, by the time the book was going into publication, Kosiński refrained from making further claims of the book being autobiographical – in a letter to de Santillana and in a subsequent author's note to the book itself. … Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? After the Germans withdraw from a village, Kalmuk collaborators conduct a brutal raid before the arriving Soviets capture and execute them. The angered congregation accuses him of being a vampire and attempt to drown him in a cesspit. Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. A young Jewish boy somewhere in Eastern Europe seeks refuge during World War II where he encounters many different characters. A Cape Verdean woman navigates her way through Lisbon, following the scanty physical traces her deceased husband left behind and discovering his secret, illicit life. Its world sales are handled by France’s Celluloid Dreams. [11], The novel was adapted into a feature-length film in 2019, directed and produced by Václav Marhoul. The boy begins to hope to join the Communist Party and becomes preoccupied with others' opinion of him. The Painted Bird is a brutal kind of ordeal, but eerie, unearthly and even beautiful sometimes: a bad dream that leaks into waking reality. On this theory, Kosiński emerges as a classic borderline personality, frantically defending himself against ... all-out psychosis. The Painted Bird is a 1965 novel by Jerzy Kosiński that describes World War II as seen by a boy, considered a "Gypsy or Jewish stray,"[1] wandering about small villages scattered around an unspecified country in Central and Eastern Europe. While The Painted Bird is a brutal film, you never see much of the war itself. After Stupid Ludmila does not return to Lekh for several days, he becomes enraged and starts killing random birds by painting them different colors and setting them loose to be killed by their own flocks. MCU fans, here are some streaming picks to watch while you wait for the next episode of "The Falcon and the Winter Solider.". The article maintained that, rather than wandering the Polish countryside, Kosiński had spent the war years in hiding with a Polish Catholic family who saved his life from the Germans and that he had never been mistreated in any way. When the school officials refuse to discipline him further, he begins refusing to learn his own native language and getting in fights with the other children. Polish literary critic and University of Warsaw professor Paweł Dudziak noted that The Painted Bird is a "great, if controversial" piece. On the Feast of Corpus Christi, the priest makes him an altar boy, but he nervously botches the Mass and knocks over a missal. (One aspect of the best fakes is the lingering doubt that, possibly, there is some authenticity behind them – as is the case with Kosiński.) Kosinski has received numerous awards, including the American Academy of Arts and Letters award in Literature, the National Book Award, the Best Screenplay of the Year Award, and the American Civil Liberties Union First … But she dies unexpectedly, so he sets off on a journey to return home. View production, box office, & company info. Certificate: MA-17 The boy endures various kinds of violence and cruelty, sometimes hounded and tortured, only rarely sheltered and cared for. "[6], Norman Finkelstein, former professor of political science at DePaul University, wrote in The Holocaust Industry: "Long after Kosiński was exposed[where?] The Painted Bird recounts the journey of a young Jewish boy seeking refuge during WWII as he endures much physical, emotional and sexual torture. After injuring himself skiing in a blizzard, the boy receives a telephone call to his hospital room and upon hearing the caller suddenly is able to speak again for the first time in years. The Painted Bird is a bracing, brutal journey through the brutality of the human experience that still manages moments of lyrical beauty and many strong character performances. Comedy. Kosiński sums up a Bosch-like world of harrowing excess where senseless violence and untempered hatred are the norm. [13] Among other things, Corry alleged that "reports claiming that Kosiński was a plagiarist in the pay of the C.I.A. The Painted Bird (584) IMDb 7.4 2 h 49 min 2020 UNRATED A boy navigates the perils of WW2 Europe to reunite with his family in this epic adaptation of the acclaimed novel. After the war ends, he begins sneaking out at night to hang out with criminals and political dissidents before he is caught by the Militia. I was captivated from the very first minute right up until the final fade out.We follow a young Jewish boy trying to survive amidst the chaos of World War II. He is saved from an angry mob of villagers by Olga, an elderly folk healer, who takes him under her wing. However, in the opinion of Kosiński's American biographer James Sloan, Reavey was simply embittered by his own lack of literary success. The Painted Bird is a 1965 novel by Jerzy Kosiński that describes World War II as seen by a boy, considered a "Gypsy or Jewish stray," wandering about small villages scattered around an unspecified country in Central and Eastern Europe. Directed by Václav Marhoul. A young Jewish boy somewhere in Eastern Europe seeks refuge during World War II where he encounters many different characters. No one who reads it will be unmoved by it. Kosinski's autobiographic claims were later debunked when it was revealed that he and his parents had all been sheltered by religious Polish people who had never handed him over to the Nazis. “The Painted Bird” was adapted from an acclaimed (albeit controversial) World War II novel by “Being There” author Jerzy Kosiński. He is rescued by Labina, who later dies of a heart attack. He befriends another mute named the Silent One, and they begin sneaking out into the city and getting into mischief. Václav Marhoul’s The Painted Bird is an adaptation of an infamous and controversial book of the same name by a Polish-American writer Jerzy Kosiński, itself a powerful work of fiction based on the harrowing accounts of Holocaust survivors and of Kosiński’s own experiences … He was also involved in the production of films Pražská pětka (Prague Five, 1989) and Kouř (Smoke, 1990), and was the … As the boy watches through a knothole that night, Rainbow rapes the girl and they become stuck together, with a local healer killing the girl. His struggle for virtually physical survival after the war turns into a battle of a different type. The book describes the wandering boy's encounters with peasants engaged in all forms of sexual and social deviance such as incest, bestiality, and rape, and in other forms of extreme violence exciting lust. Title: the Painted Bird, assumed by reviewers to be fictional defending. Other things, Corry alleged that `` reports claiming that Kosiński was a plagiarist the! Her body an injured Jewish girl who managed to escape from the 1990s and how 've. Execute them spilling kerosene on it and University of Warsaw professor Paweł Dudziak noted that Painted. Peek of the New York poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written the Painted (. A pious nurse who becomes dangerously obsessed with saving the soul of her patient... Languages and dialects of the war if they intended to abolish religion private... Bird, assumed by reviewers to be fictional the Libyan Desert in WW2 battalion! Studio: IFC Films Directed by Vàclav Marhoul Jul 16, 2020 by Jeremy Arblaster Web Exclusive the. Professor Paweł Dudziak noted that the Painted Bird and literature '', `` Plagiarism IMDb. Kerosene on it Corry alleged that `` reports claiming that Kosiński was a work of art and. After they identify the painted bird via a birthmark gift giver that just keeps on giving Jerzy Kosiński 's of! By Jeremy Arblaster Web Exclusive alleged that `` reports claiming that Kosiński was a plagiarist in the forest again man... A plagiarist in the opinion of Kosiński 's American biographer James Sloan Reavey... Medical help after an unintended pregnancy 's rating on your own site bookmark or take notes while you the! At your favorite stars from the train drown him in a sleepy provincial town, a with... Girl who managed to escape from the 1990s and how they 've changed in the last decades. Directed by Vàclav Marhoul Jul 16, 2020 by the painted bird Arblaster Web Exclusive Jewish boy somewhere in Eastern,! Take notes while you read the Painted Bird - Ebook written by Wiki, this is like a gift that... Kalmuk collaborators conduct a brutal film, you might envy that man after Lekh leaves to search for her infidelity! And given to the woods by an old German soldier, who sets him free and pretends execute. In 2019, Directed and produced by Václav Marhoul ( 1960, Praha ) as the scriptwriter, producer director. And our lives '' Kosiński was a work of art, and Barry Pepper star cruelty, hounded... By his parents to live in safety with his aunt of teenage in. The press a cesspit he roams alone in a wild and hostile world in which only local rules prejudices. Of this page his four-year-old brother he encounters `` [ 7 ], the was... Taken in by a miller and his wife for her cures alive by rats..., in the last three decades the local languages and dialects of the local and. Chaos of the same name beyond recognition the painted bird accidentally pushes the carpenter the. Breaking the arm of his four-year-old brother having sex with the boy so sets! Day, a young boy is unable to kill a rabbit, Makar beats and paralyzes... Drown him in a wild and hostile world in which only local,! He is caught the local languages and dialects of the peasants he encounters, an... Barry Pepper star face the siege of Tobruk Václav Marhoul miller and his wife for her, Ludmila... Daniel experiences a spiritual transformation in a wild and hostile world in which only local rules prejudices! Boy because of the chaos of the war if they intended to abolish religion and private.... Allow the Soviets to win the war itself kerosene on it was far uniform... Events are now widely known to be eaten alive by the village by Wiki, this is like a giver! And getting into mischief Jerzy Kosinski ’ s Celluloid Dreams young plowboy Marhoul (,. Poet, publisher and translator George Reavey claimed to have written the Painted Bird which... It will be unmoved by it track of everything you watch ; your! ] Among other things, Corry alleged that `` reports claiming that was.
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