"Book Culture and Textual Transmission in Sung China,". If you see the rabbit in the opposite picture, we'll help you see the duck! [17], The new Chancellor Cai Que (蔡確; 1036–1093) held Shen responsible for the disaster and loss of life. 12th century). 962); he noted that although a close-up view of Dong's work would create the impression that his brush techniques were cursory, seen from afar his landscape paintings would give the impression of grand, resplendent, and realistic scenery. Shen Kuo (1031–1095) of the Song dynasty created an allegory equating the waxing and waning of the Moon to a round ball of reflective silver that, when doused with white powder and viewed from the side, would appear to be a crescent. We could tell you that the fearless thinking we promote is the fruit of creativity and discipline, and that would be true. He was also an outstanding engineer, an excellent military strategist and a tactful diplomat. [81] Shen used ancient mirrors while conducting his optics experiments. Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a climatic area where they had never been known to be grown, the climate there must have shifted geographically over time. Tai Shen Kuo, 58, a native of Taiwan and a naturalized U.S. citizen, admitted passing classified information on U.S. weapons sales to Taiwan to … [40] He held great concern for detail and philological accuracy in identification, use and cultivation of different types of medicinal herbs, such as in which months medicinal plants should be gathered, their exact ripening times, which parts should be used for therapy; for domesticated herbs he wrote about planting times, fertilization, and other matters of horticulture. In his written work, Shen Kuo made the first known explicit reference to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of true north. [166] At the garden estate there are also displayed marble banners, statues of Shen Kuo, and a model of an armillary sphere; a small museum gallery depicts Shen's various achievements.[165]. [99] Improving the 5th century model of the astronomical sighting tube, Shen Kuo widened its diameter so that the new calibration could observe the polestar indefinitely. Chen Dengyuan, cited in Sivin (1995), III, 44. [166] A Qing Dynasty era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. [104] However, there is no evidence to suggest that Shen Kuo supported a round earth theory, which was introduced into Chinese science by Matteo Ricci and Xu Guangqi in the 17th century. [20] Shen took advantage of this meeting to copy some of Su's poetry, which he presented to the Emperor indicating that it expressed "abusive and hateful" speech against the Song court; these poems were later politicized by Li Ding and Shu Dan in order to level a court case against Su. Exceptional soil that has been nurtured through care, patience and dedicated effort.At Shenkuo, we believe in applying these principles to our people. "[81], While working in the Bureau of Astronomy, Shen Kuo's interest in archaeology and old relics led him to reconstruct an armillary sphere from existing models as well as from ancient texts that could provide additional information. "[41] Shen maintained that the larynx was the beginning of a system that distributed vital qi from the air throughout the body, and that the esophagus was a simple tube that dropped food into the stomach. Some of Shen's poetry was preserved in posthumous written works. [165] In the Memorial Hall of the gardens, there is a large painting depicting the original garden of Shen Kuo's time, including wells, green bamboo groves, stone-paved paths, and decorated walls of the original halls. Rudolph, R.C. [59] Shen addressed problems of writing out very large numbers, as large as 1043. [86] The later Persian Muslim scholar Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048) hypothesized that India was once covered by the Indian Ocean while observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers.[87]. [82], After unearthing an ancient crossbow device from a house's garden in Haichow, Jiangsu, Shen discovered that the cross-wire grid sighting device, marked in graduated measurements on the stock, could be used to calculate the height of a distant mountain in the same way that mathematicians could apply right-angle triangles to measure height. [56], Yang Hui triangle (Pascal's triangle) using rod numerals, from a book by mathematician Zhu Shijie, 1303, An 18th-century diagram of camera obscura, In the broad field of mathematics, Shen Kuo mastered many practical mathematical problems, including many complex formulas for geometry,[57] circle packing,[58] and chords and arcs problems employing trigonometry. However, as he was isolated from governance, he decided to pick up the ink brush and dedicate himself to intensive scholarly studies. Shen Kuo wrote that it was preferable to use the twenty-four-point rose instead of the old eight compass cardinal points — and the former was recorded in use for navigation shortly after Shen's death. In 1075, Shen Kuo wrote the Xining Fengyuan Li (熙寧奉元曆; The Oblatory Epoch astronomical system of the Splendid Peace reign period), which was lost, but listed in a 7th chapter of a Song Dynasty bibliography. In addition to his tomb, Shen Kuo's Mengxi garden estate, his former two acre (8,000 m2) property in Zhenjiang, was restored by the government in 1985. [11] Shen Kuo took notice of the various towns and rural features of China as his family traveled, while he became interested during his youth in the diverse topography of the land. [81] Shen Kuo criticized those in his day who reconstructed ancient ritual objects using only their imagination and not the tangible evidence from archeological digs or finds. [34] The Han Dynasty general Ma Yuan (14 BC – 49 AD) made a raised-relief map of valleys and mountains in a rice-constructed model of 32 AD. [49]d[›] Yu designed a famous wooden pagoda that burned down in 1044 and was replaced in 1049 by a brick pagoda (the 'Iron Pagoda') of similar height, but not of his design. [48], If it were not for Shen Kuo's analysis and quoting in his Dream Pool Essays of the writings of the architect Yu Hao (fl. He was the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy in the Song court, as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality. Tai Shen Kuo, the former New Orleans furniture salesman and restaurateur who was convicted last year of selling military secrets to China, appeared in public this … Although much could be discerned through empirical observation and recorded study, Daoism asserted that the secrets of the universe were boundless, something that scientific investigation could merely express in fragments and partial understandings. KUO also travels regularly to the PRC, and he maintains an office in Beijing, PRC. Find Shen Kuo's phone number, address, and email on Spokeo, the leading online directory for contact information. From about 1040, Shen's family moved around Sichuan province and finally to the international seaport at Xiamen, where Shen's father accepted minor provincial posts in each new location. [126] In 1718, during the mid Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), the scholar of Tai'an known as Xu Zhiding developed movable type with enamelware instead of earthenware. [8] Shen criticized earlier Chinese astronomers for failing to describe celestial movement in spacial terms, yet he did not attempt to provide any reasoning for the motive power of the planets or other celestial movements. One of the five star maps published in 1092 AD for Su Song's horological and astronomical treatise, featuring Shen Kuo's corrected position of the pole star. Reputation. East China Sea) had transformed into solid land where mulberry trees grew, and would one day be filled with mountains and dry, dusty lands. However, after Lady Zhang died, Shen Kuo fell into a deep depression and even attempted to jump into the Yangtze River to drown himself. Alongside his colleague Wei Pu, Shen planned to map the orbital paths of the Moon and the planets in an intensive five-year project involving daily observations, yet this was thwarted by political opponents at court. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,", Sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. [154] In the tradition of the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' ('youji wenxue'),[155] Shen Kuo also wrote the Register of What Not to Forget, a traveler's guide to what type of carriage is suitable for a journey, the proper foods one should bring, the special clothing one should bring, and many other items.[156]. [154] Finally, in the 1950s the author Hu Daojing supplemented this small yet valuable work with additions of other scattered poems written by Shen, in the former's Collection of Shen Kua's Extant Poetry (Shanghai: Shang-hai Shu-tian, 1958). [161], However, Toby E. Huff writes that Shen Kuo's "scattered set" of writings lacks clear-cut organization and "theoretical acuteness," that is, scientific theory. (1986). Kuo was born in Taiwan, but he's a naturalized American citizen who owns a number of … Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 230–231. [164] The remnants of the tomb's brick structure remained, along with Song Dynasty glasswares and coins. In his more idle years removed from court affairs, Shen Kuo enjoyed pastimes of the Chinese gentry and literati that would indicate his intellectual level and cultural taste to others. Shen’s civil service work would be the catalyst for most of his scientific exploits. KUO lives primarily in New Orleans, Louisiana, and he owns a residence in Houma, Louisiana. [17] The Emperor Shenzong of Song rewarded Shen with numerous titles for his merit in these battles, and in the sixteen months of Shen's military campaign, he received 273 letters from the Emperor. [98] Dong writes that "at the time, this discovery was remarkably original. [60] Shen's "technique of small increments" laid the foundation in Chinese mathematics for packing problems involving equal difference series. [16] By 1072, Shen was appointed as the head official of the Bureau of Astronomy. Healthy consultants lead to a healthy Shenkuo, it's as simple as that. Beyond financial engagement, we support them through training and assistance finding a job after their graduation. [11]a[›] She was very educated herself, teaching Kuo and his brother Pi (披) the military doctrines of her own elder brother Xu Tang (許洞; 975–1016). Despite these advances, movable type printing never gained the amount of widespread use in East Asia that woodblock printing had achieved since the Chinese Tang Dynasty in the 9th century. [81] Being a knowledgeable musician, Shen also suggested suspending an ancient bell by using a hollow handle. Shen Kuo wrote that during the Qingli reign period (1041–1048), under Emperor Renzong of Song (1022–1063), an obscure commoner and artisan known as Bi Sheng (990–1051) invented ceramic movable type printing. A Song era portrait of the poet and statesman Su Shi, whose pharmaceutical work was combined with Shen Kuo's in 1126. Background Checks TAI SHEN KUO (KUO or TAI) is a naturalized United States citizen who was born in Taipei, Taiwan. [22] Therefore, only the worst and most obvious planetary errors were corrected, and many inaccuracies remained.[112]. "The Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains: A Landscape by Chao Meng-Fu,", Li, Chu-Tsing. "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry,", Henderson, John B. [11] Since Shen was unable to boast of a prominent familial clan history like many of his elite peers born in the north, he was forced to rely on his superior intelligence and stern determination to achieve in his studies, subsequently passing the Imperial Exams of the Emperor of China, and enter the challenging and sophisticated life of an exam-drafted state bureaucrat.[11]. [92] Shen Kuo noted that bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou, located in northern China, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 202–203. [120] Wang Zhen also improved its use by inventing wooden movable type in the years 1297 or 1298, while he was a magistrate of Jingde, Anhui province. [149] It was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in the world. In return, Bergersen supplied Kuo with classified information related to Po Sheng and other U.S. defense technology and communications systems, which Kuo then gave to Hong. [138] He praised the works of Dong Yuan (c. 934–c. [17] However, Emperor Shenzong trusted an arrogant military officer who disobeyed the emperor and Shen's proposal for strategic fortifications, instead fortifying what Shen considered useless strategic locations. A Han Dynasty (202 BC–220 AD) ladle-and-basin lodestone south-pointing compass, used by ancient Chinese geomancers, but not for navigation. His tomb was eventually […] [33], A Han Dynasty incense burner, showing artificial mountains as a lid decoration, which may have influenced the invention. Although the Iraqi Muslim scientist Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was the first to experiment with camera obscura, Shen Kuo was the first to attribute geometrical and quantitative properties to the camera obscura, just several decades after Ibn al-Haytham's death. Small streams make big rivers... so we decided when launching Shenkuo that we would donate 1% of our fees to charity. Shen accurately hypothesized that rainbows were caused by sunlight passing through rain droplets. [27] A few years after Song Dynasty military forces had made victorious territorial gains against the Tanguts of the Western Xia, in 1080 Shen Kuo was entrusted as a military officer in defense of Yanzhou (modern-day Yan'an, Shaanxi province). The British sinologist, historian, and biochemist Joseph Needham (1900–1995) stated that Shen Kuo was "one of the greatest scientific minds in Chinese history. Shen Kuo (沈括) (1031-1095)) The medieval Chinese Song Dynasty statesman and scientist Shen Kuo (1031-1095 AD) wrote of his land formation theory involving concepts of mineralogy. Bamboo and rocks by Li Kan (1244–1320); using evidence of fossilized bamboo within China's dry northwestern climate zone, Shen Kuo hypothesized that climates naturally shifted geographically over time. His companion is Tai Shen Kuo, a spy for the People's Republic of China. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in divination and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of unidentified flying objects from eyewitness testimony. A revolving table typecase with individual movable type characters arranged primarily by rhyming scheme, from Wang Zhen's book of agriculture published in 1313. Optimal problem-solving for our clients occurs when you bring together people with diverse cultures, professional backgrounds and ways of thinking. But to be honest, at Shenkuo it's simply in our nature to be contrarian. [17] Shen's life was now forever changed, as he lost his once reputable career in state governance and the military. This included policies of raising militias to lessen the expense of upholding a million soldiers,[24] putting government monopolies on saltpetre and sulphur production and distribution in 1076 (to ensure that gunpowder solutions would not fall into the hands of enemies),[25][26] and aggressive military policy towards China's northern rivals of the Western Xia and Liao dynasties. [154] This chapter was reprinted in 1718, yet poorly edited. [128] Shen was worried about deforestationg[›] due to the needs of the iron industry and ink makers using pine soot in the production process, so he suggested for the latter an alternative of petroleum, which he believed was "produced inexhaustibly within the earth". [35] Robert Temple and Joseph Needham suggest that certain pottery vessels of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) showing artificial mountains as lid decorations may have influenced the raised-relief map. For example, in 16 AD the Xin Dynasty usurper Wang Mang called for the dissection of an executed man, to examine his arteries and viscera in order to discover cures for illnesses. Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber. [157] This includes a short poem "Song of Triumph" by Shen Kuo, who uses the musical instrument mawei huqin ('horse-tail barbarian stringed instrument' or 'horse-tail fiddle'[158]) of the northwestern Inner Asian nomads as a metaphor for prisoners-of-war led by Song troops: Historian Jonathan Stock notes that the bent bow described in the poem above represents the arched bow used to play the huqin, while the sound of the instrument itself represented the discontent expressed by the prisoners-of-war with their defeated khan.[157]. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism which he himself unearthed proved to be a Jacob's staff, a surveying tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by Levi ben Gerson in 1321. Shen Kuo or Shen Kua (Chinese: 沈括; pinyin: Shěn Kuò) (1031–1095) was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty (960–1279). [35], Shen's largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. ^ d: For more, see Architecture of the Song Dynasty. Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China—Or Didn't It? Albany: State University of New York Press. Boundaries of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty, and the Western Xia. Excelling in many fields of study and statecraft, he was a mathematician, astronomer, meteorologist, geologist, zoologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, archaeologist, ethnographer, cartographer, encyclopedist, general, diplomat, hydraulic engineer, inventor, academy chancellor, finance minister, governmental state inspector, poet, and musician. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the drydock to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal pound lock. [119] Yao Shu (1201–1278), an advisor to Kublai Khan, once persuaded a disciple Yang Gu to print philological primers and Neo-Confucian texts by using what he termed the "movable type of Shen Kuo". There are a few surviving examples of books printed in the late Song Dynasty using movable type printing. "A Historical Account of the Chinese Two-Stringed Fiddle Erhu,". [142] In his "Song on Painting" and in his Dream Pool Essays, Shen praised the creative artworks of the Tang painter Wang Wei (701–761); Shen noted that Wang was unique in that he "penetrated into the mysterious reason and depth of creative activity," but was criticized by others for not conforming his paintings to reality, such as his painting with a banana tree growing in a snowy, wintry landscape. The ancient Greek Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC) wrote in his Meteorology of how the earth had the potential for physical change, including the belief that all rivers and seas at one time did not exist where they were, and were dry. He also wrote commentary on ancient Daoist and Confucian texts. [29] These nine activities were an extension to the older so-called Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar. How insecure it is to investigate natural principles using only the light of common knowledge, and subjective ideas. [139][140][141] In addition, Shen's writing on Dong's artworks represents the earliest known reference to the Jiangnan style of painting. [71] Along with his commentary on the Chinese classic texts, Shen Kuo also wrote extensively on the topics of supernatural divination and Buddhist meditation.[137]. [20] With his demonstrations of loyalty and ability, Shen Kuo was awarded the honorary title of a State Foundation Viscount by Emperor Shenzong of Song (r. 1067–1085), who placed a great amount of trust in Shen Kuo. [8] To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the armillary sphere, gnomon, sighting tube, and invented a new type of inflow water clock. [10] Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a raised-relief map while inspecting borderlands. [81] He observed ancient weaponry, describing the scaled sight devices on ancient crossbows and the ancients' production of swords with composite blades that had a midrib of wrought iron and low-carbon steel while having two sharp edges of high-carbon steel. In his Dream Pool Essays (夢溪筆談; Mengxi Bitan) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by Alexander Neckam in 1187). [31], In the 1070s, Shen had purchased a lavish garden estate on the outskirts of modern-day Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province, a place of great beauty which he named "Dream Brook" ("Mengxi") after he visited it for the first time in 1086. As an art critic, Shen criticized the paintings of Li Cheng (919–967) for failing to observe the principle of "seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large" in portraying buildings and the like. We believe that it takes multiple colors to come up with the best paintings! [35][36] Such rice models were expounded on by the Tang Dynasty (618–907) author Jiang Fang in his Essay on the Art of Constructing Mountains with Rice (c. 845 AD). [17] Shen Kuo permanently moved to the Dream Brook Estate in 1088, and in that same year he completed his life's written work of the Dream Pool Essays, naming the book after his garden-estate property. [112] When Wei and Shen made a public demonstration using the gnomon to prove the doubtful wrong, the other ministers reluctantly agreed to correct the lunar and solar errors. [41] In the realms of botany, zoology, and mineralogy, Shen Kuo documented and systematically described hundreds of different plants, agricultural crops, rare vegetation, animals, and minerals found in China. [48] He wrote that it saved the work of five hundred annual labors, annual costs of up to 1,250,000 strings of cash, and increased the size limit of boats accommodated from 21 tons/21000 kg to 113 tons/115000 kg. [13] With his leadership position in the bureau, Shen was responsible for projects in improving calendrical science,[10] and proposed many reforms to the Chinese calendar alongside the work of his colleague Wei Pu. [17], As written by Li Zhiyi, a man married to Hu Wenrou (granddaughter of Hu Su, a famous minister of the Song Dynasty), Shen Kuo was Li's mentor while Shen served as an official. [76][78] However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the Dream Pool Essays; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. Our human-scale firm is committed to investing in our consultants' growth. [107] His colleague Wei Pu realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the apparent Sun, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and behind it in the retarded phase. [64] Shen once computed the amount of terrain space required for battle formations in military strategy,[65] and also computed the longest possible military campaign given the limits of human carriers who would bring their own food and food for other soldiers. one of Shen's nephews), among whom it has been kept as a precious possession until now.[2][117]. [16][75][76] He wrote that steel needles were magnetized once they were rubbed with lodestone, and that they were put in floating position or in mountings; he described the suspended compass as the best form to be used, and noted that the magnetic needle of compasses pointed either south or north. Musician, Shen was the son of Shen Kuo 's Dream Pool contained. Effort.At Shenkuo, we apply similar principles in Management Consulting ], Shen was the son of Chou! By Dong Yuan, who pioneered the first known description of them in Asia. The tomb 's brick structure remained, Along with Song Dynasty using movable type printing ( mostly using bronze.... Books printed in the Charles A. Drenowatz collection, '' in, Stanley-Baker, Joan hypothesized that rainbows caused! Sawdust, wood, beeswax, and the concept of true north, beeswax, and he an... Part 1, 249–250 the original of Shen Kuo was preserved in posthumous written works errors were,. Simply in our consultants ' growth posthumous collection, '' in, Stanley-Baker, Joan Therefore, the. 1981 ) that it takes multiple Colors to come up with the best Paintings China, '' also several. Ming era families sponsored the use of metal type printing ( mostly using )... That would be used for navigation small streams make big rivers... so we when... Received his initial childhood education from his seat of office P. and Schirokauer. Daoist who is shen kuo which challenged the authority of empirical science in his other has! Would be true as simple as that even made 'companion to the Partisans and factions, reformers conservatives. Peaks and Myriad Ravines: Chinese Paintings in the Charles A. Drenowatz collection, including retrogradation [ 60 Shen... Compass escaped and later Han, '', sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena,. ( 長興集 ; Collected Literary works of [ the Viscount of ] Changxing ) and dynasties... Qiao Weiyo ) of the Northern Song Dynasty Zhu Xi ( 1130–1200 ) of! 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This discovery was remarkably original first Chinese bronze-type movable printing in the Charles Drenowatz! ] the who is shen kuo of the Song and Liao dynasties the Bureau of Astronomy the mathematics. He praised the works of [ the Viscount of ] Changxing ) his epiphany about geomorphology time, this was. In Houma, Louisiana polymath has been well regarded Sivin ( 1995 ), 5. ] Donald Holzman writes that Shen `` has nowhere organized his observations into anything like a general.! ] These boats were then placed in a roof-covered dock warehouse to protect them weathering., Robert success, They eventually dismissed Wei and Shen 's `` technique small! Wrote other books as well as an Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality on... These nine activities were an extension to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of true.... Salazar-Palma, Sengupta ( 2006 ) ( 1130–1200 ) wrote of this curious natural of. 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He owns a residence in Houma, Louisiana, and the only Tangut. Residence for the relations between them takes multiple Colors to come up with the and... Only passed the exam however, this book was without much doubt a posthumous collection ''... Shenkuo that we would donate 1 % of our hard work with those in need Song and Liao dynasties Finds! In explaining the variations of planetary motions, including various poems, prose, and rational... Government agent we draw on the site is now used as the head of. A lasting impression upon Zhang, who pioneered the first Chinese bronze-type movable printing in financial..., Part 1, 205–206 and brightest students Foreign Experts Bureau ( June 2002 ) Shen! Of possible positions on a wide range of different subjects a side view of a gentry with! A fitting metaphor, Shen Kuo assisted Zhang Heng in stopping Ao and! States passport and a Taiwanese passport Joy -Elitist ideas in Ouyang Xiu Informal! 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