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wang zhen printing press

In 1298, still in China, Wang Zhen introduces a more durable type made of wood, while in Korea, in 1234 the mobile characters are created using metal bronze. 1290–1333) was a Chinese mechanical engineer, agronomist, inventor, writer, and politician of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It was a highly illustrated agricultural bible, full of Da Vinci-like drawings that would be used throughout China to instruct farmers and facilitate knowledge transfer. These were made of metal, which was … Wang Zhen (approx. This innovation boosted the speed of typesetting as well. [3] Hence, a book such as the Nong Shu could help rural farmers maximize efficiency of producing yields and they could learn how to use various agricultural tools to aid their daily lives. [11] Following in the footsteps of Wang, in 1322 the magistrate of Fenghua, Zhejiang province, named Ma Chengde, printed Confucian classics with movable type of 100,000 written characters on needed revolving tables. "In improving movable type printing, Wang Zhen mentioned an alternative method of baking earthenware printing type with earthenware frame in order to make whole blocks. [11] During the year of 1298, roughly one hundred copies of this were printed by wooden movable type in a month's time. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Using 30,000 wooden types, he printed 100 copies of the book ‘Records of Jingde County. During the printing of Nong Shu, China's printing techniques saw great progress and the greatest achievement was Wang Zhen's innovation in the technology of wooden movable type. Around 1.5 centuries later in 1300, Wang Zhen, a Chinese mechanical engineer, writer, inventor, and government official reinforced this technology. This was recorded in AD 31, an innovation of the engineer Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. He hired people to carve movable wooden types and then designed a revolving typesetting plate to store the movable types according to the order of rhymes. WANG ZHEN 2015 Paper Industry International Hall of Fame Inductee Wang Zhen, Printing Innovator, Dong Ping County, Shandong Province, China. Then in accordance with the turning of the (vertical) water-wheel, the lug fixed on the driving-shaft automatically presses upon and pushes the curved board (attached to the piston-rod), which correspondingly moves back (lit. Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen later carved a more durable type from wood by 1298 AD, and developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. In like manner, using one main drive it is possible to actuate several bellows (by lugs on the shaft), on the same principle as the water trip-hammers. Printing History of science and technology in China Movable type Yuan dynasty Hua Sui Although metal movable type became available in China during the Ming period, wooden movable type persisted in common use even until the 19th century. 1309; Europeans made it big in printing technology by making the first paper. At the end of the wooden (piston-)rod, about 3 ft long, which comes out from the front of the bellows, there is set up right a curved piece of wood shaped like the crescent of the new moon, and (all) this is suspended from above by a rope like those of a swing. Demonstration on the only working model of a Gutenberg printing press--Crandall Historical Printing Museum. Each character can represent a word so that explains the plain magnitude of how many characters they have to make. Korean King TaeJong (1403) ordered that type be made from bronze instead of wood. Gutenberg did not event movable type but instead had grab other people’s inventions and innovated them into something that would be huge. Modern printing started in the fifteenth century with the invention of a printing press using movable type by Johannes Gutenberg. However, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing. It had rotary tables to help typesetters quickly sort and process thousands of carved wooden blocks for use in a printing press. After Wang Zhen made these innovations two centuries later a man named Hua Sui decided to use bronze for typesets rather than wood or ceramics. He was one of the early innovators of the wooden movable type printing technology. China’s oldest printed document dates back to 868 CE. However, the earliest known book printed with wooden movable type to have survived from this era is the Auspicious Tantra of All-Reaching Union —another Buddhist text, this time written in the Tangut … Gutenberg has been recognized as one of the greatest inventors of all time for the monumental impact he had on printing. [19] Wang's frame was also added after the type had already been set, whereas Jin printed the ruled sheets and text separately on the same paper. He became a government official and saw a need to advance the future of agriculture in China by documenting and publishing the many technical innovations he saw throughout China with the hope of alleviating poverty by spreading that knowledge. Wang Zhen was born during the Yuan Dynasty of China in 1271. [1] From 1290 to 1301, he was a magistrate for Jingde, Anhui province, where he was a pioneer of the use of wooden movable type printing. Korean’s strayed away from using Chinese writing to a more … [6] The 5th-century text Shui Jing Zhu mentions the use of rushing river water to power waterwheels, as does the Tang Dynasty geography text of the Yuan-he Jun Xian Tu Chi, written in 814.[7]. In around 1040, a more efficient type of printing – movable-type printing was invented in China by Bi Sheng, and was later improved by another Chinese technician Wang Zhen. On March 9, 2021, the Information Office of the People's Government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region held the 24th press conference on Xinjiang related issues. ^ a b Tsien 1985, pp. [18] It was officially sponsored by the imperial court at Beijing, yet was widespread amongst private printing companies. [22], Amongst the various contemporary agricultural practices mentioned in the Nong Shu, Wang listed and described the use of ploughing, sowing, irrigation, cultivation of mulberries, etc. [21] Wang also created an agricultural calendrical diagram in the form of a circle, which included the Heavenly Stems, the Earthly Branches, the four seasons, twelve months, twenty-four solar terms, seventy-two five-day periods, with each sequence of agricultural tasks and the natural phenomena which signal for their necessity, stellar configurations, phenology, and the sequence of agricultural production. Photo by Wang Zhen. [8] Wang explained the methods used for the water-powered blast-furnace in previous times and in his era of the 14th century: According to modern study (+1313! When the lug has finally come down, the bamboo (springs) act on the bellows and restore it to its original position. Wang carved the written characters on wooden blocks and then sawed them apart, while Jin initiated the process by preparing type bodies before the characters were individually cut into types. Japanese Empress Shotogu- requested 1 million copies of a prayer to be printed . Prior to this the Chinese had their own version of the printing press. [24] The main characteristic of agricultural technology of the north was technical applications fit for predominantly dryland cultivation, while intensified irrigation cultivation was more suitable for southern China. [24] Furthermore, Wang used his treatise as a means to spread knowledge in support of certain agricultural practices or technologies found exclusively in either South or North that could benefit the other, if only they were more widely known, such as the southern hand-harrow used for weeding in the south, yet virtually unknown in the north. When the type is absolutely firm, the ink is smeared on and printing begins. This is also very convenient and quick...[9]. Gutenberg’s printing press was able to institutionalize the art of printing. It had rotary tables to help typesetters quickly sort and process thousands of carved wooden blocks for use in a printing press. 1350)- first known to cut letter into wood to use as print. There were however earlier printing processes and inventions that laid the groundwork for Gutenberg’s innovation. Its illustrations show a dizzying array of technologies such as water wheels, water-powered bellows, pumps, gears and pulleys, the blast furnace, and other inventions that were long attributed to later European inventors. [19] For setting type, Wang employed a method of revolving tables where the type came to the workers, whereas Jin developed a system where the workers went to the organized type. Wang Zhen’s primary innovation was a system that improved the speed and efficiency of typesetting. In improving movable type printing, Wang mentioned an alternative method of baking porcelain printing type with earthenware frame in order to make whole blocks. [12], Wooden movable type had been used and experimented with by Bi Sheng in the 11th century,[13] but it was discarded because wood was judged to be an unsuitable material to use. In 1541, two different significant publications using wooden movable type were made under the sponsorship of two different princes; the Prince of Shu printing the large literary collection of the earlier Song Dynasty poet Su Che, and the Prince of Yi printing a book written as a rebuttal against superstitions written by a Yuan Dynasty era author.[17]. Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen later carved a more durable type from wood by 1298 CE, and developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. But for the smaller runs typical of the time it was not such an improvement. [2] The wooden movable type was described in Wang Zhen's publication of 1313, known as the Nong Shu (農書), or Book of Agriculture. At this point in time Gutenberg has created the movable type printing press. The Yuan-dynasty official Wang Zhen is credited with the introduction of wooden movable type, a more durable option, around 1297. The Mesopotamians use round cylinder seals for rolling an impress of images onto clay tablets. Then the types are placed in the columns [of the form] and bamboo strips which have been prepared are pressed in between them. Printing History of science and technology in … [23] Of great interest to sinologist historians, Wang also outlined the difference between the agricultural technology of Northern China and that of Southern China. Wang Zhen’s primary innovation was a system that improved the speed and efficiency of typesetting. [3] The book outlined the use of not only agricultural tools, but food-processing, irrigation equipment, different types of fields, ceremonial vessels, various types of grain storage, carts, boats, mechanical devices, and textile machinery used in many applications. [18] In the sphere of the imperial court, the official Jin Jian (d. 1794) was placed in charge of printing at the Wuying Palace, where the Yongzheng Emperor had 253,000 wooden movable type characters crafted in the year of 1733. oscillating rod). Wang Zhen’s works emphasized the problem of printing Chinese with moveable type there are just too many characters. Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. But none of this type took ink readily, and it made untidy printing in most cases. a waterwheel) in working the inflatable bellows of the blast furnace in creating cast iron. From water powered bellows to movable type printing, it is considered a descriptive masterpiece on contemporary medieval Chinese technology. [11] Wang's wooden movable type was used to print the local gazetteer paper of Jingde City, which incorporated the use of 60,000 written characters organized on revolving tables. [4], The Chinese during the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. His wooden moveable type was abandoned in favour of the clay because woodgrains in the type interfered with the even application of ink when printing. These separate characters are finished off with a knife on all four sides, and compared and tested till they are exactly the same height and size. [9], Another method is also used. Although Du Shi was the first to apply water power to bellows in metallurgy, the first drawn and printed illustration of its operation with water power came in 1313, with Wang Zhen's Nong Shu. In 1298, the Yuan dynasty official Wang Zhen invented a wooden moveable type that was more even and durable. Wang Zhen was one of the pioneers of wooden movable type. Wang Zhen’s book, the Nong Shu or The Book of Farming was published in 1313 and had 800 pages and 100,000 words. During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911), wooden movable type was used on a much wider scale than even the previous Ming period. The Chinese created a precursor to the European printing press. Printing flourished in China for hundreds of years before its adoption in the West. [3] It listed and described many of the various foodstuffs and products of the many regions of China. ^ a b c Pan, Jixing. That achievement came in 1455, just 142 years after the world’s actual first mass-produced book printed with movable type by long-neglected inventor and government official, Wang Zhen. [18] The creation of movable type writing fonts became a wise enterprise of investment, since they were commonly pawned, sold, or presented as gifts during the Qing period. The most primitive form of printing occurred in ancient China before 220 A.D., in form of woodblock printing on paper. [15], Thus, Chinese metal type of the 13th century using tin was unsuccessful because it was incompatible with the inking process. In 1298, Wang Zhen, a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County, Anhui Province, China, re-invented a method of making movable wooden types. For that reason they were not used long. [3] However, it was not intended to be read by rural farmers (who were largely illiterate), but local officials who desired to research the best agricultural methods currently available that the peasants otherwise would know little of. [17] After that point, the European printing press machine first pioneered by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century became the mainstay and standard in China and for the most part the global community until the advent of digital printing and the modern computer printer. This was time-consuming and, as record keeping became more important, people began to seek a more efficient method. Around 1040, during the Song dynasty, Bi Sheng created ceramic movable type, while the invention of wooden movable type in 1297 is usually credited to Wang Zhen of the Yuan dynasty. [14] In Wang's system, all the Chinese writing characters were organized by five different tones and according to rhyming, using a standard official book of Chinese rhymes. History or Movable-type printing : Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letter punches. [13] Wang improved the earlier experimented process by adding the methods of specific type cutting and finishing, making the type case and revolving table that made the process more efficient. Wang wrote the masterpiece Nong Shu for many practical reasons, but also as a means to aid and support destitute rural farmers in China looking for means to improve their economic livelihoods in the face of poverty and oppression during the Yuan period. Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. Wang Zhen explored several approaches but determined that wooden block movable type would be most effective since the many unique Chinese characters that would be needed could be quickly hand-carved. Wang Zhen (simplified Chinese: 王祯; traditional Chinese: 王禎; pinyin: Wáng Zhēn; Wade–Giles: Wang Chen, fl. Religion fueled the reason for the growth of copying and printing . Perhaps the best-known example of Chinese movable type printed books is Wang Zhen's Book of Agriculture, printed in 1313.Wang improved on Bi's device by … [18] There were many books from a wide variety of subjects published in wooden movable type during the Ming period, including novels, art, science and technology, family registers, and local gazettes. A compositor's form is made of wood, strips of bamboo are used to mark the lines and a block is engraved with characters. [18] In nineteen different sections, he provided detailed description for: There are notable differences between Wang's movable type process and Jin Jian's. ISSN 1001-6538. ... Gutenburgs printing press was truly inspired by … [15] In the Nong Shu, Wang wrote: In more recent times [late 13th century], type has also been made of tin by casting. His work with wooden movable type was primarily conducted in the years 1297 or 1298. Thus this is pushed back and forth, operating the furnace bellows far more quickly than would be possible with man-power. This mass-produced book and the ensuing industry of printing would be part of the driving force for the growth of the paper industry internationally. The Chinese during the Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) were the first to apply hydraulic power (i.e. Oldest printed book- Chinese Prayer book . Before the printing press, everything printed utilized the method of block printing. A reprint required resetting and re-proofreading, unlike the wooden block system where it was feasible to store the blocks and reuse them. The upper one is connected by a driving-belt to a (smaller) wheel in front of it, which bears an eccentric lug (lit. Although controversial, one American author even argues that copies of the Nong Shu arriving in Italy may have inspired Da Vinci and sparked the Italian Renaissance. For other people with the same name, see, Movable type and illustration of Wang Zhen's wooden type, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wang_Zhen_(inventor)&oldid=1012739341, Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Comprehensive prescriptions for agriculture and sericulture, Cereals (including legumes, hemp, and sesame), Bamboos and miscellaneous (including ramie, cotton, tea, dye plants, etc. In 1041 in China Bi Sheng invented movable type printing using the clay, but it was too fragile. "On the Origin of Printing in the Light of New Archaeological Discoveries," in Chinese Science Bulletin, 1997, Vol. 3000 BC and earlier. [10] Wang is best known for his usage of wooden movable type while he was a magistrate of Jingde in Anhui province from 1290 to 1301. Wang Zhen's initial project to produce 100 copies of a 60,000 character gazetteer of the local district was produced in less than a month. This mass-produced book and the ensuing industry of printing would be part of the driving force for the growth of the paper industry internationally. The idea of the printing press expanded from east to west, ... Wang Zhen's initial project to produce 100 copies of a 60,000 character gazetteer of the local district was produced in less than a month. In the 5th century text of the Wu Chang Ji, its author Pi Lingwrote that a planned, artificial lake had been construct… In the 5th century text of the Wu Chang Ji, its author Pi Ling wrote that a planned, artificial lake had been constructed in the Yuan-Jia reign period (424–429) for the sole purpose of powering water wheels aiding the smelting and casting processes of the Chinese iron industry. Johannes Gutenberg of Germany developed the first movable type for printing in the 15thcentury. Wang ZhenWang Zhen (official)Nong Shu Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. 42, No. (1) Cast ... Chinese inventions of printing, gunpowder, and the mariner’s compass were brought to Europe by Arab traders during the Renaissance and Reformation. Wang's Nong Shu of 1313 was a very important medieval treatise outlining the application and use of the various Chinese sciences, technologies, and agricultural practices. But for the smaller runs typical of the time it was not such an improvement. [19], The main focus of the Nong Shu written by Wang was the realm of Chinese agriculture. [2] His main contribution was improving the speed of typesetting with simple mechanical devices, along with the complex, systematic arrangement of wooden movable types. It is strung on an iron wire, and thus made fast in the columns of the form, in order to print books with it. The block is then cut into squares with a small fine saw till each character forms a separate piece. The design is as follows. This page was last edited on 18 March 2021, at 01:37. His printed Bible has often been called the world’s first substantial mass-produced book printed with movable type. After Du Shi, Chinese in subsequent dynastic periods continued the use of water power to operate the bellows of the blast furnace. Wang Zhen is best known for his usage of wooden movable type while he was a magistrate of Jingde in Anhui province from 1290 to 1301. Paper Discovery Center | 425 West Water Street Appleton WI, 54911 | 920.380.7491. Perhaps the best-known example of Chinese movable type printed books is Wang Zhen’s Book of Agriculture, printed in 1313. inwards). Europe is home to the first mechanized form of printing. A place beside a rushing torrent is selected, and a vertical shaft is set up in a framework with two horizontal wheels so that the lower one is rotated by the force of the water. This was recorded in AD 31, an innovation of the engineer Du Shi, Prefect of Nanyang. Metal movable type was first invented in Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty, approximately 1230. The press conference invited the Spokesperson of the Information Office of the People’s Government of XUAR Elijan Anayit and religious circles. Wang Zhen was born in Shandong province, and spent many years as an official of both Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. 1350) known for his moveable type using wooden cuts, he had 60,000 characters made from wood. In any case, there is little doubt that Wang Zhen’s accomplishment should also be recognized with that of Gutenberg and other giants of innovation. Although Wang's Nong Shu was mostly printed by use of woodblock printing, his innovation of wooden movable type soon became popularly used in the region of Anhui. ), leather bag bellows were used in olden times, but now they always use wooden fan (bellows). ISBN 978-0-9797263-1-6. Then all as one, following the turning (of the driving wheel), the connecting-rod attached to the eccentric lug pushes and pulls the rocking roller, the levers to left and right of which assure the transmission of the motion to the piston-rod. a waterwheel) in working the inflatable bellows of the blast furnace in creating cast iron. After Wang Zhen made these innovations two centuries later a man named Hua Sui decided to use bronze for typesets rather than wood or ceramics. He replaced the movable clay types with wooden blocks. After the types have all been set in the form, the spaces are filled in with wooden plugs, so that the type is perfectly firm and will not move. His illustrated agricultural treatise was also one of the most advanced of its day, covering a wide range of equipment and technologies available in the late 13th and early 14th century. To achieve his ambition, an effective printing method would be needed to print not just a few copies but thousands of copies of an extensive manual, not only for the workers but also for officials who could guide their people. [25], This article is about Wang Zhen, agronomist and inventor. [3], The Nong Shu was an incredibly long book even for its own time, which had over 110,000 written Chinese characters. 12: 976–981. [11] Rare and unusual characters that were not prescribed a number were simply crafted on the spot by wood-cutters when needed. [11] Providing the necessary ink job was done by brush that was moved vertically in columns, while the impression on paper the columns had to be rubbed with brush from top to bottom.[11]. ), Illustrated Treatise on Agricultural Implements, Food-processing equipment and grain storage. Were the first movable type was primarily conducted in the fifteenth century with the invention of a printing! And publication bureau has also requested the founding of a Gutenberg printing,! The Mesopotamians use round cylinder seals for rolling an impress of images onto clay tablets ; Europeans made big., '' in Chinese science Bulletin, 1997, Vol a precursor to the first mechanized form of printing be! The monumental impact he had on printing Gutenberg did not event movable type for printing in the fifteenth with. S works emphasized the problem of printing that was more even and durable the various foodstuffs and products of paper. 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